Taming of the Shrew Compare and Contrast Essay - 628 Words

Compare and Contrast Essay â€Å"William Shakespeare vs Franco Zeffirelli: Who Did it Better?† â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew† by William Shakespeare, is a very notorious play that has been rewritten and turned into multiple Hollywood films. One very popular version of the famous play is the movie directed by Mr. Franco Zeffirelli. Although most think that this version is the most accurate representation of the original play, there are still many distinct differences. One of these key differences can be found through the attitudes and portrayals of each of the characters. Baptista Minola, (the father of Bianca and Katherine) in the play, is a very respectable and confident man. But in the movie he acts extremely timid and scared; Perri 2†¦show more content†¦Now Kate, I am a husband for your turn, For by this light, whereby I see thy beauty— Thy beauty that doth make me like thee well— Thou must be married to no man but me, For I am he am born to tame you, Kate, And bring you from a wild Kate to a Kate Conformable as other household Kates. Here comes your father. Never make denial. I must and will have Katherine to my wife. (Act 2, Scene 1, Page 13) Additionally, in the movie, Petruchio locks Kate in a room while he tells the Minolas that he and Kate will wed. Again, this does not occur in the play. The clothing that the characters wear is also dissimilar. Although the garments are still from the same time period, the specific colors and designs are still pretty different. This is especially true in the designs of both Petruchio’s wedding outfit and the dress that the tailor made for Katherine for her to wear at Bianca’s wedding. The props as well are different Perri 4 throughout the book and the motion picture. For example, the parrot Katherine and Petruchio receive at their wedding is not talked about in the book. Clearly there are many similarities between the book and the movie but also some distinct differences. Despite this, â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew†, is a timeless story of deception and love that has passed the test of time again andShow MoreRelatedThe Taming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare1097 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen prevalent throughout literature. The play The Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespeare, examines this theme by detailing the female-pursuits of 3 men, Lucentio, Hortensio, and Petruchio, and their respective methods of â€Å"seduction†. While Lucentio lies in order to attract Bianca and Hortensio elects to marry a woman simply for her wealth, Petruchio, to the surprise of the other male characters, marries a foul-tempered and sharp-tongued â€Å"shrew†, Katherine. After their wedding, Petruchio, a selfishRead More Essay on the Growth of Katherina in Taming of the Shrew1479 Words   |  6 PagesThe Growth of Katherina in Taming of the Shrew Although Katherinas final speech in The Taming of the Shrew may sound subservient on the surface, it actually reflects her growth and development into a stronger and more complex character. Without losing the forcefulness that she displayed earlier in the play, the delivery of her final speech exhibits the cleverness and deceptiveness that she has learned from Petruchio throughout the taming process. At the beginning of the play, KatherinaRead More Marriage in Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage is presented in Shakespeare?s play The Taming of the Shrew, in a complex manner allowing readers to view the play literally as a brutal taming or ironically as a subversive manifesto. Yet, Shakespeare intends to present marriage to be full of mutual love where neither male nor female dominate but compliment each other thriving together in a loved filled relationship. The portrayal of a deep understanding, which exists in an analogical relationship and the gentle transformation, which occursRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew as a Comedy Essay2463 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew as a Comedy The Taming of the Shrew, written by William Shakespeare between 1589 and 1594, is a romantic comedy set in the Italian city of Padua. Since the play was written, the audiences idea of comedy has changed quite dramatically. In the fifteen hundreds, an audience would have enjoyed obvious, visual aspects of comedy such as we would see in a modern-day pantomime, whereas an audience watching the play today would also Read MoreContext Taming of the Shrew1767 Words   |  8 PagesThe Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeare’s earliest comedies, and it shares many essential characteristics with his other romantic comedies, such as Much Ado About Nothing and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. These characteristics include light-hearted and slapstick humor, disguises and deception, and a happy ending in which most of the characters come out satisfied. The light-heartedness of these romantic comedies contrasts sharply with the darker humor and deeper characterization of Shakespeare’sRead MoreHow William Shakespeare Presents Katherine and Bianca in The Taming of the Shrew1117 Words   |  5 PagesHow William Shakespeare Presents Katherine and Bianca in The Taming of the Shrew Shakespeares comedy The Taming of the Shrew shows the two sisters, Katherine and Bianca, as complete contrasts to eachother. He uses various techniques to achieve this effect. Many of these techniques are the same for both sisters; however their outcomes are different, therefore creating two completely different characters. We first see some of these techniques in action in Act I sceneRead MoreWomen in William Shakespeare’s Plays Essay2376 Words   |  10 Pagesparticularly in the case of love.   Some considered â€Å"women’s love [was] very variable and not lasting† (Bates 13).   Shakespeare alludes to this belief in Twelfth Night when â€Å"Viola also laments that Olivia cold fall in love with Cesario so easily; she compares women’s hearts to sealing wax in an apt metaphor, and notes how the ‘proper false’ leaves a lasting impression in their hearts† (Bates 11).   Orsino, as the frustrated suitor laments â€Å"that women are very inconstant in their love, and could have aRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Taming Of The Shrew 1236 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter Analysis The main character in the play Taming of the Shrew is Katherine, who undergoes a major transformation throughout the play as she begins stubborn and ill tempered and ends a subservient wife. At the beginning of the play, her disobedience is marked by the sharp contrast between her behaviors and those of her polite and feminine younger sister. The only issue is that her sister’s many suitors will not have the option to marry her until she is married herself. Katherine is â€Å"tamed†Read MoreHow Is the Relationship between Benedick and Beatrice Presented in Shakespeare’s Play and One or More Performed Versions?1431 Words   |  6 PagesEarth, pragmatic side showing that he sees the humour in the situation whereas Beatrice speaks in blank verse approaching as poetic, expressive and genuine. Furthermore, she uses barbed words unlike the stereotypical women that Shakespeare contrasts these two contrasts these characters with, and is combative with expression. Every time the two characters see each other they have a merry war with words, they never meet but theres a skirmish of wit between them. Benedick and Beatrice compete to outwitRead MoreKatherine and Bianca in William Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew1844 Words   |  8 PagesKatherine and Bianca in William Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew shows two sisters: Katherina and Bianca, as two complete contrasts to each other. He used various techniques to achieve these effects. The same techniques are used for both sisters to show comparisons between their characters. Shakespeare created two different characters by making the outcome of the techniques very different from each other. Shakespeare has used the

Redefining Theories The Importance Of The New Paradigm

Redefining Theories: The Importance of the New Paradigm A new type of theory, introduced by Allison James and Alan Prout in 1993 has taken the sociology world by storm. This new type of thinking, called the â€Å"New Paradigm† has moved away from the view of children as passive recipients and adult becomings. Instead, it has progressed towards seeing them as competent social actors and human beings who are able to think for themselves while being influenced by their community and environment (McNamee, 2015). It showcases new views and theories on how childhood should be studied and acknowledged going forward. This sociological shift occurred in response to the 3 other dominant sociological perspectives; romanticism, puritan and blank slate theories. (McNamee, 2015). The new paradigm responded to many of the criticisms of the three other dominant discourses. It challenged the previous views of children as passive recipients of socialization and shifted towards seeing them as a group of people with their own thoughts and behaviours. It didn’t see them as simply â€Å"adult becomings† anymore. (McNamee, 2015). The emergence of this new set of ideas changed how childhood has been studied across each discipline and continues to shape our understanding of children and childhood today. This emerging paradigm has 6 main focuses relating to how childhood should be studied. The first key feature is that the concept of childhood is a social construction. It is culturally diverse and isShow MoreRelatedSocial Media Marketing Strategy For The Corporate World1590 Words   |  7 Pagesera challenges pre-existing notions to bring forth innovative and original concepts, either by redefining current inventions or capturing attention with new and fresh ideas. 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Othello (2470 words) Essay Example For Students

Othello (2470 words) Essay Othelloâ€Å"If Othello didn’t begin as a play about race, history has made it one.†The Venetian society that Othello is set in is representative of the writers context. The attitudes and values that Shakespeare reveals through the text are those same attitudes and values of Elizabethan society in England in the sixteenth-century. Although Othello is set in Venice and Cyprus, the attitudes and values shared in the text are probably reflective of the attitudes and values of Shakespeares own society. It is difficult to assess the attitudes and values of people in sixteenth-century Britain to the relatively few blacks living amongst them. We are given an insight into those attitudes and values through the representation of race and gender in the text of Othello.These attitudes and values are indicative of what a culture believes in and supports. By the time Othello was written the English were becoming more and more aware of the existence of other races in the world beside s themselves. There had been a lot of travelling and blacks were beginning to be used in Europe for the slave trade. During the time the play was written, the Queen of England had banned all blacks from entering the city. She spoke of them as â€Å"Negars and Moors which are crept into the realm, of which kind of people there are already here too many†. It seems that Shakespeare is almost mocking the Queen by characterising Othello as a black man who has a high ranking position in the Army and who marries a white aristocratic women, against her fathers will. Ruth Cowlig suggests that the presentation of Othello as the hero must have been startling for Elizabethan audiences. This may have been the case, but through the representation of Othello we are able to see that some members of society such as the Duke, looked over his colour to assign him his position whereas, others such as Iago, look on his colour as a way to mock him. Hostility is shown to Othello by characters such as Iago and Roderigo. This attitude may have been encouraged by the widespread belief in the legend that blacks were descendants of Ham in the Genesis story, punished for sexual excess by their blackness. The Elizabethans discussed at length whether this skin colour was due to life in a hot climate or whether it was a punishment for sin. To the Elizabethans, who thought hierarchically, fair skin was the epitome of beauty and therefore dark skin ranked below it. The term black was used in a variety of texts to stand for sin, filth, ugliness, evil, and the Devil. This value is ascribed to Iago when he describes Othello as the â€Å"black moor† hinting at something other than just colour. Attitudes to race aren’t the only attitudes revealed in the text though. Attitudes and values about gender are also revealed in the portrayal of women and their actions in the text. A prime example of this is when Desdemona elopes with Othello without her father’s permission, which during that time would have been socially unacceptable. This is revealed to us through Brabantio’s reaction as Shakespeare uses Brabantio as a vehicle for the representation of higher society’s views on matters. Another value revealed in the text is that of marriage. In the Elizabethan era marriage was not just a spiritual union but also a property transaction; the bride brought a dowry from her father and the groom’s father (or the groom if he had already inherited his estate) had to settle lands on her in return, as a jointure. Therefore, to marry without the brides fathers permission could be seen as an act of theft. This may explain why Brabantio reacted so strongly t o the union of Othello and Desdemona.These attitudes and values contrast quite drastically to those ascribed to society today. Nowadays coloured skin is a common occurrence and a character such as Othello would be quite socially accepted. Race is both more accepted and more abused than in Shakespeares time. With the feminist movement values given to women have also changed quite drastically. This is because women are now seen less as property and more of an equal. Marriage has also changed. In the sixteenth century girls tended to be married off rather young in their teens and to have their husbands chosen for them by their fathers. Now girls tend to get married in their late twenties and are free to choose their own partner. These attitudes and values that are revealed in the text are done so through the representation of race and gender. Race and gender are revealed in the text by the uses of imagery, characterisation, plot, stylistic techniques, and language. Dear Bethany... EssayAct II scene i shows Iago’s strongest views on women. Iago makes generalisations of women, when he says â€Å"you are pictures out of doors, bells in your parlours, wildcats in your kitchens; saints in your injuries, devils being offended; players in your housewifery, and hussies in your beds.† (II.i.109-112). He also presents a common view of that era when he says â€Å"You rise to play, and go to bed to work†. (II.i.115) This presents the sixteenth-century view of women being held to be unstable, potentially or actually unchaste, and morally frail. Their sexual desires were represented as unnatural appetites. They were also thought to be â€Å"unstable sexual creatures, likely to betray men† with â€Å"Appetites never satisfied† . The history of the handkerchief also suggests the power of female sexuality over men: â€Å"That handkerchief Did an Egyptian to my mother give; She was a charmer, and could almost read The thoughts of people: she told her, while she kept it, Twould make her amiable and subdue my father Entirely to her love.†(III. iv. 55-60) . Brabantio who represents higher society’s views of women has an idealised view of them. To him daughters have to be subservient, and obedient, by making her own decisions in marriage, Desdemona represents betrayal in his eyes. To the people of Elizabethan times it would probably seem that Desdemona undermines her position in society and changes gender politics by marrying without her father’s consent. Emilia is a dramatic contrast to Desdemona, and she is the only character who seems to offer a different view of women. She herself is quite a strong character as a woman as she is realistic, pragmatic, capable of courage, loyal and self sacrificing. In act IV scene iii she delivers a feminist speech that questions society. â€Å"But I do think it is their husbands faults if wives do fall†(IV.iii. 87) . She is a realist and accepts humans by seeing their faults but still accepting them. She also has a feminist view of men â€Å"They are all but stomachs and we all but food; They eat us hungerly, and when they are full they belch us† (III.iv. 108-110). How society felt about women is shown by their influences on Othellos behaviour and who he believes about Desdemona’s infidelity. Othello believes Iago over Desdemona, who is his wife. The women in this play dont seem to possess very much power, but in fact they have much more power and control than most people think. They hold the play together like glue to paper. If Desdemona never had the power to commit adultery then it would never have been thought of and Othello would never have fallen. Each of the women in the play are abused by men and a victim of the green eyed monster which doth mock the meat it feeds on(III. iii. 168-169). Othello is a perfect example of where the women are made to seem inferior to the men through the use of stylistic techniques, plot, and use of language. But why is this so important?It is important because women in Othello make up the backbone of the play. Without them there to antagonise the men and generate intense feelings of love, hatred and jealousy, the play could not and would not exist. The supposed inferiority of women follows from the fact that human societies have been dominated by men. This may not be so true now, but in Elizabethan times which is the â€Å"particular time and place† that the attitudes and values are revealed from it was especially true. How these representations reflect the attitudes and values of Elizabethan society is through the way that women are portrayed in the text as I have discussed earlier. In Elizabethan society there was a myth of womens insatiable lustfulness and women were seen as voracious monsters. It was thought that female sexuality was a threat to the patriarchal society, and must be safely contained. In the Encyclopaedia of World Mythology it says â€Å"Women in male eyes, are supposed to be contrary and mysterious creatures, bewilderingly combining all sorts of characteristics, as changeable as chameleons, and yet somehow vexingly in touch with reality through intuition.† Brabantio is a vehicle for society’s views on gender and he shows how society at the time of Othello would have thought of women. In conclusion, values and attitudes of a particular time and place are revealed in Othello through the representation of race and gender. How these attitudes and values are revealed is through the the way they are portrayed, the character construction, the stylistic techniques, the language, the content of speech and the symbolism. Shakespeare

Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement Essay Example

Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement Essay Running head: A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT Celebrity Endorsement in Mass Media Advertising Brands Celebrity endorsement in mass media advertising has become a very beneficial phenomenon for many countries and has significantly increased in the past decade, and should be the main principle of brand communications since it is the key to marketing success. Any product that is displayed in a television commercial or magazine advertisement by a corporation that uses a celebrity or well known public figure to give a testimonial or information about the product, is practicing celebrity endorsement. Although commonly thought of starting in the United States, celebrity endorsement began in India during the ‘80s but has since been adopted by countries in Asia, Europe, and almost worldwide. Modern mass media (especially that of tabloids) has increased exposure of celebrities to the point that it is unavoidable to not be exposed to a celebrity face. The primary principle that celebrity endorsement works off of is the public recognition of the celebrity endorser as an admirable or desirable cultural force. It is not uncommon to view commercials from the past 10 years and see popular icons like Britney Spears endorsing a particular soft drink like Pepsi or Michael Jordan endorsing Nike as the number one brand for anyone that has even the slightest liking to sports. These celebrities among many others, are used to promote products, services, and ideas (Kambitsis et al. , 2002). A reason for the increase in the usage of celebrity endorsing on various levels of mass media is almost exclusively due to the fact that this strategy results in more positive advertisement and product ratings (Dean and Biswas, 2001), as well as We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of Celebrity Endorsement specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT an increase in the purchasing of the product and in turn, increased finances for the producer (Erdogan, 2001). Most celebrity endorsers come from the entertainment and sports industries. Nevertheless, more than likely, the celebrity endorser is not known to the public for the product that they are endorsing (Friedman, 1979), therefore they are not experts of that product. As mentioned previously for example, Britney Spears has endorsed Pepsi. She s an iconic pop singer and even though she wrote a song called â€Å"Joy of Pepsi,† she is not an expert on what the best tasting soft drink is; her fame has no relation to what she is endorsing. Besides those obvious facts, Pepsi’s sales increased four times as fast as their competitor (DeNitto, 1994). Although celebrity endorsing is very expensive for the companies, in the long run it has often helped their sales because they are recognized by the public and viewed as more powerful t han an anonymous face of a model (Carroll, 2008). Celebrities are also interested in endorsing themselves in the product as their image considerably develops rather quickly along with the product. According to Speck (1988), endorsements involve three participants; sellers, endorsers, and target consumers. This is because the seller asks an endorser to use and evaluate a product, and then after trying a product, the endorser encourages the target consumers and personal fans to also purchase and try out the product. Advertising campaigns using celebrities to support brand strategy have in general tended to be repetitive, high-profile and loud extravaganzas in which the celebrity features prominently and directly, unlike the product itself, which seems more like an addition to the whole scheme of the advertisement (Carroll, 2009). Celebrity endorsement is a powerful marketing strategy compared to the A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT likes of public relations and sales promotion but has been the most long-standing beneficial strategy out of all (Hsu and McDonald, 2002). Choosing the Celebrity Endorser Giving a brand a recognizable ‘face’ is often more than just a marketing strategy, but for better or worse can change a brand forever. Thus, choosing a celebrity endorser is of maximum importance and therefore done on a whole slew of parameters that include appeal, looks, popularity, product type, message type, etc. (Erdogan, 1999). The general belief among advertisers is that brand communication messages that are delivered by these selectively chosen celebrity endorsers, produce a higher appeal and recall than those advertisements that are not celebrity endorsed. Furthermore, when celebrities are recognized with brand names, it creates a positive attitude, as well as a distinct personality for the brand. For example, Forbes reported that Chanel, an extremely well known Parisian fashion house, acquired an endorsement deal with spokes icon Nicole Kidman, which in turn increased business by about 16%, without administering any changes whatsoever in fragrance or packaging, because â€Å"all of a sudden, younger women took notice of the brand (Forbes). † Credibility is also an obvious large part in determining who to use in endorsements for a specific product. Previous research has shown that celebrities that endorse several products at a time are seen as less credible to the typical consumer (Hsu and McDonald, 2002), rather than a celebrity who just endorses a single product. The reason for this insight is because a celebrity who endorses multiple products can seem as if they do not have a real liking or interest in a particular product and will just peddle any product that is asked of them. Another event that could A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT iscredit a celebrity endorsement is negative press or events that are associated with the celebrity’s name. This very problem occurred in 2005 with supermodel Kate Moss. She was dropped from her endorsements from large companies Burberry, HM, and Chanel, when photographs of her snorting cocaine surfaced in magazines and websites. Companies using a celebrity endorser take into account the serious consequences (loss of revenue, bad image) of putting a tainted face to their produc t since as stated above, the brand’s whole personality is often dependent on the celebrity endorser. Another aspect that is taken into account pertaining to the effectiveness of the celebrity endorser is to directly measure the degree that the consumers evaluate the celebrity as genuinely liking the product that they are endorsing. According to Gilbert and Malone (1995), these evaluations are recognizable under a type of judgment called â€Å"correspondent inferences. † Correspondent inferences generally refer to a judgment that consumers observe the endorser’s behavior in the advertisement to then infer consistent character in the endorser. For example, the consumer would observe an athlete saying he loves the breakfast cereal Wheaties, and then the consumer would infer that the athlete really does, in fact, like Wheaties. Adding to this study, McCracken (1986) suggests that a celebrity that best represents the appropriate symbolic properties â€Å"of the product should be selected, thus, highlighting the importance of the cultural meanings of celebrities in the endorsement process. † Culturally speaking, Americans identify themselves more closely with celebrities and are more willing to accept and unconsciously accept endorsement messages. Brands are therefore seen as playing a fundamental, as well as A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT complex role in the construction of the self (Carroll, 2009). We achieve self-consistency via brand consumption, purchasing brands that we perceive to be similar to our selfconcept. Defined as image congruence hypothesis, this suggests that brands perform a function of self-enhancement whereby consumers form perceptions about brands and compare these to their own value system, selecting brands that match the closest. All in all, the public’s fascination with the celebrities will continue on because of their role in society as an entertainer and in return, the use of celebrities in advertising will continue to increase (Pringle, 2004). Grant McCracken has proposed the Meaning Transfer Theory when referring to celebrity endorsement and its effectiveness. His theory states that a celebrity encodes a unique set of meanings that can be transferred to the endorsed product if used in the correct way. This theory takes place in three stages—encoding meanings, meaning transfer, and meaning capture. McCracken’s theory is described as first, encoding meanings: this is basically the age, gender, race, and wealth or personal lifestyle that a celebrity can be identified with by the public. For example, a celebrity can be seen as cute, witty, and charming due to any of those factors, since each person viewing these celebrities will make their own meanings about them (McCracken, 1986). The next stage that occurs is meaning transfer. This second stage transfers those meanings to a product and when those meanings are skillfully portrayed, celebrities are able to communicate the image more powerfully as endorsers. The final stage is meaning capture, which assumes A LITERARY REVIEW OF CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENT that consumers purchase products not just for their practical value, but for their cultural and symbolic value that they can convey from the product. Agreeing with McCracken, Carroll also adds to this statement by reporting that the consumers now turn to brands of products less as bundles of utility and more so as â€Å"badges that contain social meaning† (Carrol, 2009). Simply put, it is the stage that the consumers hope to capture some part of the meaning from the first stage (cute, witty, etc. , which the celebrity endorser has seemed to have passed on to the product. This is especially true in celebrity promoted lifestyle products like perfumes, clothes, and consumer technology (McCracken, 1986). Because celebrity endorsements tie into people’s personal and cultural meanings, it seems that they will always infinitely be effective and have proven to be a sustainable marketing technique. Based on the previous research, this study will move forward and add to the literature by asking the following questions: RQ 1: Will all correspondent inferences be positively associated with the attitudes toward the advertised product? RQ 2: Will observers (consumers) still believe that the celebrity endorser likes the product more than the average user, even though they know the endorser is getting a large payment? References Dean, D. H. and Biswas, A. (2001). Third-party organization endorsement of products: an advertising cue affecting consumer pre purchase evaluation of goods and services. Journal of Advertising. 30 (4). Carroll, Angela. (2009). Brand communications in fashion categories using celebrity endorsement. Journal of Brand Management. 17 (2). 146-158. doi: 10. 1057/bm. 2008. 42 DeNitto, E. (1994). Pepsi, Coke think international for future growth. Advertising Age. p. 44. Erdogan, B. Z. (1999). Celebrity endorsement. Journal of Marketing Management. 11 (1). Erdogan, B. Z. (2001). Selecting celebrity endorsers: the practitioner’s perspective. Journal of Advertising Research. 41. p. 39. Friedman, H. H. (1979). Endorser effectiveness by product type. Journal of Advertising Research. 19 (5). Hsu, C. K. and McDonald, D. (2002). An examination on multiple celebrity endorsement in advertising. Journal of Product and Brand Management. 11 (1). pp. 19-29. Kambitsis, C. , Harahousou, Y. Thedorakis, C. 2002). Sports advertising in print media: case of 200 Olympic games. Corporate Communication: An International Journal. 7 (3). McCracken, G. (1986). Culture and consumption: a theoretical account of the structure and movement of the cultural meaning of consumer goods. The Journal of Consumer Research. 13 (1). Onkvisit, S. and Shaw, J. (1987). Self-concept and image congruence: Some research and managerial implications. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 4(1). 13-23. Pringle, H. (2004). Celebrity sells. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. England. Ruiz, N. (2008). Can a star sell you style?. Forbes. com LLC.

Slow Growth of Golfers in the Golf Equipment Industry

Slow Growth of Golfers in the Golf Equipment Industry The introduction of new rules that limit innovation in the Golf Equipment Industry (GEI) is a major reason for the slow growth in the number of golfers in the recent years. In addition, the global financial crisis that began in December 2007 to 2009 had a devastating effect on the number of golfers in the GEI.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Slow Growth of Golfers in the Golf Equipment Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Competitive rivalry force was the most affected among the Porter’s five forces (Gamble 11). This force determines the value that is created in an industry through head-to-head competition among firms. Competition within the GEI was centered on technological innovation, which was permitted initially by the United State Golf Association (USGA) and RA (Gamble 11). Product innovation, performance, image, tour exposure, and price were among the other competitive strategies that companies used and by 2009, every company had met the required equipment dimensions, CT, and MOI (Gamble 8). The companies had started to differentiate their products as an innovative survival strategy in the industry. The golf equipment manufacturers had relied on innovation to enhance their competitive positions in the market (Gamble 7). For instance, between 1990 and 2000, the golf equipment manufacturers came up with innovations to make the golf easier to play. These innovations reduced the effects of the adverse off-center hits. At the same time, the innovations improved the shot accuracy by grooving the wedges of the stick. This reduced the variance in the distance of a well struck ball and a poorly struck ball. However, the USGA took an important step to safeguard the pre-historic golf courses and equipment standards. This involved setting of new quality standards for the golf equipment. This reduced the innovation rivalry in the industry, leaving the companies to use equipment prices as t he only competitive approach. This discouraged people from playing golf (Gamble 9). According to the case study, the decline in the number of golfers is attributed to these changes. Golfers were increasingly frustrated by the difficulties they encountered while playing golf. This resulted in many golfers denouncing the sport. In addition, new individuals were reluctant to take up the sport.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another factor that led to the decline in the number of golfers was the economic recession that occurred between December 2007 and 2009 (Gamble 10). According to the case study, the recession was caused by the financial problems in the credit and housing industries as well as a rapid increase in gasoline price. For instance, gasoline price increased from $2.25 in early 2007 to $4 by June 2008. The high gasoline prices coupled with an increase in c redit expenses and a destabilized mortgage industry led to discretionary spending cuts. In addition, increased unemployment contributed to this problem. For instance, more than 6.5 million Americans lost their jobs. These events led to the decline in the number of golf equipment sold in the market. In conclusion, it is important to restate the reasons for the decline in the number of golfers in the industry. The introduction of new rules and standards in the industry reduced innovation-based competition (Gamble 11). Moreover, the economic recession that was witnessed between 2007 and 2009 is blamed for the decline in the number of golfers (Gamble 10). I recommend that the reintroduction of equipment innovation by the USGA should be done so as to foster competition in the industry. This would increase the number of golfers in the sport in the long-run. Gamble, E. John. Competition in the Golf Equipment Industry. London, UK: McGraw Hill, 2009. Print.

Ecosystem Toxic Chemical Threat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ecosystem Toxic Chemical Threat - Essay Example SECTION TWO Question1. Is this an Acute or Chronic Environmental Threat? The presence of heavy metals in our environment causes chronic hazards to aquatic life and environment. This is because the metals are accumulative poisons that affect their health adversely when they expose or consume them frequently for a longer period of time. Similarly, it has a long-term effect on the environment through constant emissions or discharge to soil, water and surface depending on the source of the contaminants, level and duration of exposure (Palmer 121) Question 2 Is this a systemic (ecosystem) or Targeted Species Threat? Heavy metals are majorly released into the environment largely by manmade activities such as industrial processing and discharge from sewage plants and agricultural activities. This makes it to be more hazardous to both environment and aquatic life, hence, attracting deep concern globally on its mitigation options and control. Question 3 How likely is it that the chemical will be discharged in sufficient amount to do serious harm? The rate at which wastes from the industries and agricultural or sewage plants are releasing their contaminated discharges having lethal heavy metals into aquatic environment is astonishingly high. Given that these activities are manmade and owing to steady increase of global population, the rate at which these activities takes place also increases, generating sufficient amount of deadly heavy metals into marine ecosystem that can result into negative impact on the lives of aquatic population. Question 4 How severe are the consequences of the potential exposure? Potential exposure to heavy metals has adverse effects to aquatic life. For example, presence of cadmium in the ecosystem and in aquatic environment poses adverse effect to both the environment and the aquatic life. According to UNEP (2002), it is recognized as one of the most lethal hazardous water contaminants and could be harmful at every level in ranging from organi sm to cell elements. The harmful value for fish falls within the acceptable limit range of 0.5 ?g/dm3 to 21.1 mg/dm3. Given that this heavy metal has a chronic effect, its accumulative contamination effects can cause detrimental disturbance to aquatic life and the ecosystem. For example, in the case of fish, its effects range from abnormal behavior in fish metabolism, movement behavior to anorexia. Safety and Health Agency (OSHA) clarifies that it is a prospective aquatic carcinogen and is highly linked with anomalous functioning of the aquatic blood cell system. Based on its effects, both the species of chromium are connected to DNA malfunctions of the aquatic animal upon exposure. Similarly, long term accumulation of chromium in the marine environment has adversely affected the aquatic life in this ecosystem. Chromium majorly exist in both Cr (III) and Cr (VI) oxidation states. Chromium (VI) is considered to be more disastrous to aquatic life compared to the former ion Cr 3+. This is because it is readily soluble and mobile in aquatic environment. Question 5 How wide spread is the ecological threat - How many ecosystems and/or species are threatened by the expected exposure? According to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report released in 2004, this group of

CHAPTER 9 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CHAPTER 9 - Coursework Example Prior to the First World War, the Jewish immigrants and Palestinians coexisted peacefully despite the confusion created by Jewish inhabitation of the area. However, the events of the First World War resulted into a protracted religious and nationalistic conflict that persists to date (White 258-286). The British wanted to win the war against the Germans. Therefore, it fuelled Arab’s hostility against the Turks with the promise of establishing a united Arab country at the end of the way. Instead of establishing a united Arab country as it had promised, the British divided the region into territories governed by families. There territories rivaled each other leading to eventual emergence of independent states such as Syria, Iran, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Gulf States. The British also promised the Jews that it will create a Jewish nation in Palestine. Creation of the state of Israel increased tension in the region which resulted into repeated wars between the Arabs and the Israel. Israel defeated the Arabs in each of these wars forcing the Arabs to turn to terrorism. Change of international policies can prevent future occurrence of the conflict. The international community should play a key role in demarcating the boundaries separating the countries. In addition, the countries should recognize each other as a sovereign state and also respect their religious